The study shows that since 1977, energy-efficient policies have created nearly 1.5 million jobs while eliminating fewer than 25,000, improving employee compensation over all by $44.6 billion. “Consumers were able to reduce energy spending,” said Prof. Roland-Holst, adding that “these savings were diverted to other demand.”

“When consumers shift one dollar of demand from electricity to groceries,” he added, they create jobs among retailers, wholesalers, food processors and other businesses.

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